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钢制阀门的内件材料
内件主要是指阀门关闭件的密封面和阀杆、衬套（上密封座），在国外常以trim表示内件。
The inner part mainly refers to the sealing surface of the valve closure and the valve stem and bushing (upper sealing seat), and the internal parts are often expressed in trim abroad.
内件材料的选用原则是根据主体材料的情况、介质特性、结构特点以及零件所起的作用、受力情况综合考虑的。对于常规的通用阀门在标准已规定了内件材料或规定了几种材料由设计者根据具体情况选用。对于一些有特殊要求的阀门，如高温、高压、介质有腐蚀等工况条件，则需按工况条件选择内件材料。
The selection principle of the internal material is based on the situation of the main material, the characteristics of the medium, the structure and the effect and the force of the parts. In the standard general valve, the internal material has been stipulated in the standard or several materials are specified by the designer according to the specific conditions. For some valves with special requirements, such as high temperature, high pressure, corrosion and other conditions of medium, the internal material should be selected according to the working conditions.
1、关闭件密封面材料
1, sealing surface materials for closed parts
关闭件即闸板（阀瓣）、阀座。关闭件的密封面是阀门的主要工作面之一，材料选择是否合理以及它的质量状况直接影响阀门的功能和使用寿命。
The shutter is the gate (valve disc) and the seat. The sealing surface of the closure is one of the main working faces of the valve. Whether the material selection is reasonable or not directly affects the function and service life of the valve.
1.1 关闭件密封面的工作条件
1.1 working conditions for sealing surface of closed parts
由于阀门用途十分广泛，因此阀门密封面的工作条件差异很大。压力可以从真空到超高压，温度可以从-269℃到816℃，有些工作温度可达1200℃，工作介质从非腐蚀介质到各种酸碱等强腐蚀性介质。从密封面的受力情况来看，它受挤压和剪切。从磨擦学的角度来看，有磨拉磨损、腐蚀磨损、表面疲劳磨损、冲蚀等等。因此，应该根据不同的工作条件选择相适应的密封面材料。
Because of the wide use of the valve, the working conditions of the valve seal face are very different. The pressure can be from vacuum to ultra-high pressure. The temperature can range from -269 to 816 degrees. Some working temperatures can reach 1200 degrees, and the working medium is from non corrosive media to various strong corrosive media such as acids and bases. From the force of the sealing surface, it is squeezed and cut. From the point of view of friction, there are wear and tear, corrosion wear, surface fatigue wear, erosion and so on. Therefore, the suitable sealing surface materials should be selected according to the different working conditions.
（1）磨粒磨损
(1) abrasive wear
磨粒磨损是指粗糙的硬表面在软表面上滑动时出现的磨损。硬材料压入较软的材料表面，在接触表面就会划出一条微小的沟槽，此沟槽所脱落的材料以碎屑或疏松粒子的形式被推离物体的表面。
Abrasive wear refers to the wear of rough hard surfaces when they slide on a soft surface. The hard material is pressed into the surface of the soft material, and a tiny groove will be drawn on the contact surface. The material dropped off from the groove will be pushed away from the surface of the object in the form of debris or loose particles.
（2）腐蚀磨损
(2) corrosion wear
金属表面腐蚀时产生一层氧化物，这层氧化物通常覆盖在受到腐蚀作用的部位上，这样就能减慢对金属的进一步腐蚀。但是，如果发生滑动的话，就会清除掉表面的氧化物，使裸露出来的金属表面受到进一步的腐蚀。
When a metal surface is corroded, it produces a layer of oxide, which is usually covered by corrosive parts, which slows down further corrosion of metals. However, if it slips, the oxide of the surface will be removed, so that the exposed metal surface is further corroded.
（3）表面疲劳磨损
(3) surface fatigue wear
反复循环加载和卸载会使表面或表面下层产生疲劳裂纹，在表面形成碎片和凹坑，最终导致表面的破坏。
Repeated cyclic loading and unloading can cause fatigue cracks on the surface or the lower surface of the surface, forming fragments and pits on the surface, and eventually causing surface damage.
（4）冲蚀
(4) erosion
材料的损环是由锐利的粒子冲撞物体而产生的，它与磨粒磨损相似，但表面很粗糙。
The damage ring of the material is produced by the sharp particles bumping into the object, which is similar to the abrasive wear, but the surface is very rough.
（5）擦伤
(5) bruise
擦伤是指密封面相对运动的过程中，材料因摩擦引起的破坏。
Scratch is the damage caused by friction in the process of the relative motion of the cover.
1.2 对密封面材料的要求
1.2 requirements for sealing surface materials
理想的密封面要耐腐蚀、抗冲蚀、耐擦伤、有足够的挤压强度、在高温下有足够的抗氧化性和抗热疲劳性、密封面与本体有相近的线膨胀系数、有良好的焊接性能与加工性能。
The ideal sealing surface should be corrosion resistant, erosion resistant, scratch resistant, sufficient extrusion strength, enough oxidation resistance and thermal fatigue resistance at high temperature, similar linear expansion coefficient to the sealing surface and the body, good welding performance and processing performance.
上述的这些对密封面材料的要求只是个理想状态，不可能有这样十全十美的材料。因此，选材要视具体情况解决主要矛盾。
The above requirements for dense cover materials are only an ideal state, and it is impossible to have such perfect materials. Therefore, the selection of material should be based on the specific situation to solve the main contradictions.
1.3 密封面材料的种类
1.3 types of sealing surface materials
常用的密封面材料分为两大类：软质材料和硬质材料。软质材料为各种橡胶、尼龙、氟塑料等。硬质材料为各种金属和合金。
The commonly used sealing surface materials are divided into two major categories: soft materials and hard materials. The soft materials are all kinds of rubber, nylon, fluoroplastics and so on. Hard materials are all kinds of metals and alloys.
1.3.1软质材料
1.3.1 soft material
[1448846968745361.jpg]
[1448846968745361.jpg]
[1448846974119437.jpg]
[1448846974119437.jpg]
注：（1）表中的适用温度是推荐性的安全使用温度,根据密封面结构和受力的不同适用温度也不尽相同。
Note: (1) the applicable temperature in the table is a recommended safe use temperature, and the temperature is not the same according to the structure and force of the sealing surface.
（2）表中的适用温度范围是这类产品的一般范围，每种产品都有多种牌号，适用温度也不尽相同。此外，使用场合不同推荐的使用温度范围也不同。
(2) the applicable temperature range in the table is the general range of these products. Each product has a variety of brands, and the temperature is not the same. In addition, the range of use temperatures recommended for different applications is different.
（3）表中的名称是这类材料的统称，每种都有几个牌号，性能也不一样，如尼龙就有尼龙1010、尼龙6、尼龙66等等。丁腈橡胶有丁腈18、丁腈26、丁腈40等，选用时要注意不同牌号的性能。
(3) the names in the table are collectively referred to as these materials, each of which has several brands and different properties, such as nylon 1010, nylon 6, nylon 66 and so on. Nitrile rubber has nitrile 18, nitrile 26, nitrile 40 and so on, when selected, we should pay attention to the performance of different brands.
（4）氟塑料具有冷流倾向，即应力达到一定值时开始流动，例如聚四氟乙烯如果在结构上没有考虑保护措施，在一定应力下即会流动、失效。
(4) fluoroplastics have the tendency of cold flow, that is to say, when the stress reaches a certain value, it begins to flow. For example, if PTFE is not considered for protection in structure, it will flow and fail under certain stress.
（5）表中的推荐适用的介质范围也是拢统的，应用时要查这些材料与某种介质的相容性数据。
(5) the scope of the recommended medium in the table is also unified, and the compatibility of these materials with a certain medium should be checked when the application is applied.
1.3.2 硬质材料
1.3.2 hard material
硬质材料的密封面主要是各种金属如铜合金、不锈钢、硬质合金等。
The main sealing surface of hard material is all kinds of metal such as copper alloy, stainless steel, hard alloy and so on.
1.3.2.1 铜合金
1.3.2.1 copper alloy
JB/T 5300《通用阀门 材料》中规定的灰铸铁阀、可锻铸铁阀，球墨铸钢阀的铜合金密封面材料牌号有：铸铝黄铜ZCuZn25Al6Fe3Mn3、铸锰黄铜ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2、铸铝青铜ZCuAl9Mn2、ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2，当然还有其它牌号如H62、巴氏合金（ZChPbSb16-16-2铅锑轴承合金）等。铜合金在水或蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性都较好，但强度低，不耐氨和氨水腐蚀，适用介质温度≤250℃。但巴氏合金耐氨及氨水腐蚀、熔点低，强度低，适用于温度≤70℃，PN1.6MPa氨阀。
JB/T 5300 "universal valve materials" in the provisions of the gray cast iron valve, malleable iron valves, copper alloy nodular cast steel valve sealing surface material: cast aluminum, cast brass ZCuZn25Al6Fe3Mn3 manganese brass cast aluminum bronze ZCuAl9Mn2, ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2 ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2, of course, there are other brands such as H62, babbit alloy (ZChPbSb16-16-2 alloy) etc.. Copper alloy in water or steam corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance are better, but the strength is low, not high ammonia and ammonia corrosion, medium temperature are less than 250. Babbitt ammonia and ammonia corrosion resistance, low melting point, low strength, suitable for temperature less than 70 DEG C, PN1.6MPa ammonia valve.
1.3.2.2 铬不锈钢
1.3.2.2 chromium stainless steel
铬不锈钢有较好的耐腐蚀性，常用于水、蒸汽、油品等非腐蚀性介质，温度-29~425℃的碳素钢阀门。但铬不锈钢耐擦伤性能较差，特别是在大比压的情况下使用很易擦伤。试验表明比压在20MPa下耐擦伤较好。对于高压小口径阀门常采用棒材或锻件其牌号为1Cr13、2Cr13、3Cr13制作的整体阀瓣，密封面经表面淬火（或整体淬火
Chromium stainless steel has good corrosion resistance, often used in water, steam, oil and other non corrosive medium, temperature -29~425 C carbon steel valve. But chromium stainless steel has a poor abrasion resistance, especially in the case of high specific pressure, which is easily scratched. The test shows that the abrasion resistance is better under the specific pressure than the 20MPa. For high pressure small caliber valves, the bar valves or forgings, which are made of 1Cr13, 2Cr13 and 3Cr13, are usually used. The sealing surface is surface quenched or wholly quenched.
The inner part mainly refers to the sealing surface of the valve closure and the valve stem and bushing (upper sealing seat), and the internal parts are often expressed in trim abroad.
内件材料的选用原则是根据主体材料的情况、介质特性、结构特点以及零件所起的作用、受力情况综合考虑的。对于常规的通用阀门在标准已规定了内件材料或规定了几种材料由设计者根据具体情况选用。对于一些有特殊要求的阀门，如高温、高压、介质有腐蚀等工况条件，则需按工况条件选择内件材料。
The selection principle of the internal material is based on the situation of the main material, the characteristics of the medium, the structure and the effect and the force of the parts. In the standard general valve, the internal material has been stipulated in the standard or several materials are specified by the designer according to the specific conditions. For some valves with special requirements, such as high temperature, high pressure, corrosion and other conditions of medium, the internal material should be selected according to the working conditions.
1、关闭件密封面材料
1, sealing surface materials for closed parts
关闭件即闸板（阀瓣）、阀座。关闭件的密封面是阀门的主要工作面之一，材料选择是否合理以及它的质量状况直接影响阀门的功能和使用寿命。
The shutter is the gate (valve disc) and the seat. The sealing surface of the closure is one of the main working faces of the valve. Whether the material selection is reasonable or not directly affects the function and service life of the valve.
1.1 关闭件密封面的工作条件
1.1 working conditions for sealing surface of closed parts
由于阀门用途十分广泛，因此阀门密封面的工作条件差异很大。压力可以从真空到超高压，温度可以从-269℃到816℃，有些工作温度可达1200℃，工作介质从非腐蚀介质到各种酸碱等强腐蚀性介质。从密封面的受力情况来看，它受挤压和剪切。从磨擦学的角度来看，有磨拉磨损、腐蚀磨损、表面疲劳磨损、冲蚀等等。因此，应该根据不同的工作条件选择相适应的密封面材料。
Because of the wide use of the valve, the working conditions of the valve seal face are very different. The pressure can be from vacuum to ultra-high pressure. The temperature can range from -269 to 816 degrees. Some working temperatures can reach 1200 degrees, and the working medium is from non corrosive media to various strong corrosive media such as acids and bases. From the force of the sealing surface, it is squeezed and cut. From the point of view of friction, there are wear and tear, corrosion wear, surface fatigue wear, erosion and so on. Therefore, the suitable sealing surface materials should be selected according to the different working conditions.
（1）磨粒磨损
(1) abrasive wear
磨粒磨损是指粗糙的硬表面在软表面上滑动时出现的磨损。硬材料压入较软的材料表面，在接触表面就会划出一条微小的沟槽，此沟槽所脱落的材料以碎屑或疏松粒子的形式被推离物体的表面。
Abrasive wear refers to the wear of rough hard surfaces when they slide on a soft surface. The hard material is pressed into the surface of the soft material, and a tiny groove will be drawn on the contact surface. The material dropped off from the groove will be pushed away from the surface of the object in the form of debris or loose particles.
（2）腐蚀磨损
(2) corrosion wear
金属表面腐蚀时产生一层氧化物，这层氧化物通常覆盖在受到腐蚀作用的部位上，这样就能减慢对金属的进一步腐蚀。但是，如果发生滑动的话，就会清除掉表面的氧化物，使裸露出来的金属表面受到进一步的腐蚀。
When a metal surface is corroded, it produces a layer of oxide, which is usually covered by corrosive parts, which slows down further corrosion of metals. However, if it slips, the oxide of the surface will be removed, so that the exposed metal surface is further corroded.
（3）表面疲劳磨损
(3) surface fatigue wear
反复循环加载和卸载会使表面或表面下层产生疲劳裂纹，在表面形成碎片和凹坑，最终导致表面的破坏。
Repeated cyclic loading and unloading can cause fatigue cracks on the surface or the lower surface of the surface, forming fragments and pits on the surface, and eventually causing surface damage.
（4）冲蚀
(4) erosion
材料的损环是由锐利的粒子冲撞物体而产生的，它与磨粒磨损相似，但表面很粗糙。
The damage ring of the material is produced by the sharp particles bumping into the object, which is similar to the abrasive wear, but the surface is very rough.
（5）擦伤
(5) bruise
擦伤是指密封面相对运动的过程中，材料因摩擦引起的破坏。
Scratch is the damage caused by friction in the process of the relative motion of the cover.
1.2 对密封面材料的要求
1.2 requirements for sealing surface materials
理想的密封面要耐腐蚀、抗冲蚀、耐擦伤、有足够的挤压强度、在高温下有足够的抗氧化性和抗热疲劳性、密封面与本体有相近的线膨胀系数、有良好的焊接性能与加工性能。
The ideal sealing surface should be corrosion resistant, erosion resistant, scratch resistant, sufficient extrusion strength, enough oxidation resistance and thermal fatigue resistance at high temperature, similar linear expansion coefficient to the sealing surface and the body, good welding performance and processing performance.
上述的这些对密封面材料的要求只是个理想状态，不可能有这样十全十美的材料。因此，选材要视具体情况解决主要矛盾。
The above requirements for dense cover materials are only an ideal state, and it is impossible to have such perfect materials. Therefore, the selection of material should be based on the specific situation to solve the main contradictions.
1.3 密封面材料的种类
1.3 types of sealing surface materials
常用的密封面材料分为两大类：软质材料和硬质材料。软质材料为各种橡胶、尼龙、氟塑料等。硬质材料为各种金属和合金。
The commonly used sealing surface materials are divided into two major categories: soft materials and hard materials. The soft materials are all kinds of rubber, nylon, fluoroplastics and so on. Hard materials are all kinds of metals and alloys.
1.3.1软质材料
1.3.1 soft material
[1448846968745361.jpg]
[1448846968745361.jpg]
[1448846974119437.jpg]
[1448846974119437.jpg]
注：（1）表中的适用温度是推荐性的安全使用温度,根据密封面结构和受力的不同适用温度也不尽相同。
Note: (1) the applicable temperature in the table is a recommended safe use temperature, and the temperature is not the same according to the structure and force of the sealing surface.
（2）表中的适用温度范围是这类产品的一般范围，每种产品都有多种牌号，适用温度也不尽相同。此外，使用场合不同推荐的使用温度范围也不同。
(2) the applicable temperature range in the table is the general range of these products. Each product has a variety of brands, and the temperature is not the same. In addition, the range of use temperatures recommended for different applications is different.
（3）表中的名称是这类材料的统称，每种都有几个牌号，性能也不一样，如尼龙就有尼龙1010、尼龙6、尼龙66等等。丁腈橡胶有丁腈18、丁腈26、丁腈40等，选用时要注意不同牌号的性能。
(3) the names in the table are collectively referred to as these materials, each of which has several brands and different properties, such as nylon 1010, nylon 6, nylon 66 and so on. Nitrile rubber has nitrile 18, nitrile 26, nitrile 40 and so on, when selected, we should pay attention to the performance of different brands.
（4）氟塑料具有冷流倾向，即应力达到一定值时开始流动，例如聚四氟乙烯如果在结构上没有考虑保护措施，在一定应力下即会流动、失效。
(4) fluoroplastics have the tendency of cold flow, that is to say, when the stress reaches a certain value, it begins to flow. For example, if PTFE is not considered for protection in structure, it will flow and fail under certain stress.
（5）表中的推荐适用的介质范围也是拢统的，应用时要查这些材料与某种介质的相容性数据。
(5) the scope of the recommended medium in the table is also unified, and the compatibility of these materials with a certain medium should be checked when the application is applied.
1.3.2 硬质材料
1.3.2 hard material
硬质材料的密封面主要是各种金属如铜合金、不锈钢、硬质合金等。
The main sealing surface of hard material is all kinds of metal such as copper alloy, stainless steel, hard alloy and so on.
1.3.2.1 铜合金
1.3.2.1 copper alloy
JB/T 5300《通用阀门 材料》中规定的灰铸铁阀、可锻铸铁阀，球墨铸钢阀的铜合金密封面材料牌号有：铸铝黄铜ZCuZn25Al6Fe3Mn3、铸锰黄铜ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2、铸铝青铜ZCuAl9Mn2、ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2，当然还有其它牌号如H62、巴氏合金（ZChPbSb16-16-2铅锑轴承合金）等。铜合金在水或蒸汽中的耐腐蚀性和耐磨性都较好，但强度低，不耐氨和氨水腐蚀，适用介质温度≤250℃。但巴氏合金耐氨及氨水腐蚀、熔点低，强度低，适用于温度≤70℃，PN1.6MPa氨阀。
JB/T 5300 "universal valve materials" in the provisions of the gray cast iron valve, malleable iron valves, copper alloy nodular cast steel valve sealing surface material: cast aluminum, cast brass ZCuZn25Al6Fe3Mn3 manganese brass cast aluminum bronze ZCuAl9Mn2, ZCuAl9Fe4Ni4Mn2 ZCuZn38Mn2Pb2, of course, there are other brands such as H62, babbit alloy (ZChPbSb16-16-2 alloy) etc.. Copper alloy in water or steam corrosion resistance and abrasion resistance are better, but the strength is low, not high ammonia and ammonia corrosion, medium temperature are less than 250. Babbitt ammonia and ammonia corrosion resistance, low melting point, low strength, suitable for temperature less than 70 DEG C, PN1.6MPa ammonia valve.
1.3.2.2 铬不锈钢
1.3.2.2 chromium stainless steel
铬不锈钢有较好的耐腐蚀性，常用于水、蒸汽、油品等非腐蚀性介质，温度-29~425℃的碳素钢阀门。但铬不锈钢耐擦伤性能较差，特别是在大比压的情况下使用很易擦伤。试验表明比压在20MPa下耐擦伤较好。对于高压小口径阀门常采用棒材或锻件其牌号为1Cr13、2Cr13、3Cr13制作的整体阀瓣，密封面经表面淬火（或整体淬火
Chromium stainless steel has good corrosion resistance, often used in water, steam, oil and other non corrosive medium, temperature -29~425 C carbon steel valve. But chromium stainless steel has a poor abrasion resistance, especially in the case of high specific pressure, which is easily scratched. The test shows that the abrasion resistance is better under the specific pressure than the 20MPa. For high pressure small caliber valves, the bar valves or forgings, which are made of 1Cr13, 2Cr13 and 3Cr13, are usually used. The sealing surface is surface quenched or wholly quenched.
